Over one-quarter of the world’s countries are headed by someone educated in the UK – HEPI 2023 Soft-Power Index
- UK finally starts to close the gap with the US, which had been growing since 2018.
The Higher Education Policy Institute has published the results of its seventh annual Soft-Power Index.
The Index measures the number of serving world leaders (monarchs, presidents and prime ministers) educated at a higher level in countries other than their own.
- In the first year of the Index (2017), there were more world leaders who had been educated in the UK tertiary sector than in any other country, including the US. But the US overtook the UK in 2018 and extended its lead in each of the four subsequent years – in 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022.
- The new results for 2023 show, in contrast, that the gap between the number of current world leaders educated in the US and the UK has shrunk for the first time since the Index began: compared to 2022, there are two more countries with a leader educated in the UK and two fewer countries with a leader educated in the US, reducing the gap by four.
- However, there are still seven more world leaders educated in the US (65), including the UK’s Prime Minister, Rishi Sunak, than in the UK (58). Over the years, the gap has shifted from -1 in 2017, to +1 in 2018, +3 in 2019, +5 in 2020, +7 in 2021 and +11 in 2022 but is now back down to +7 in 2023.
- There are 195 countries in the world and around one-quarter of them (54 or 28%) have a very senior leader who was educated in the US while a similar number (53 or 27%) have a very senior leader who was educated in the UK. As there is some overlap, with a handful of leaders being educated in both the UK and the US, the total number of countries with a very senior leader who has been educated at a higher level in the US and / or the UK is 84 (43% of the world’s countries).
Both the US and the UK are far ahead of every other country, benefiting from their strong university systems and their international connections as well as having English as the most common language.
France remains in third place, having educated 30 leaders in post in the summer of 2023, down one on 2022, and considerably ahead of Russia in fourth place (on 10, also down 1 since 2022).
World leaders educated in countries other than their own
| 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | |
| US | 57 | 58 (+1) | 62 (+4) | 61 (-1) | 65 (+4) | 67 (+2) | 65 (-2) |
| UK | 58 | 57 (-1) | 59 (+2) | 56 (-3) | 58 (+2) | 56 (-1) | 58 (+2) |
| UK/US gap | -1 | +1 | +3 | +5 | +7 | +11 | +7 |
| France | 34 | 40 (+6) | 40 (+/-0) | 35 (-5) | 30 (-5) | 31 (+1) | 30 (-1) |
| Russia | 9 | 10 (+1) | 10 (+/-0) | 10 (+/-0) | 11 (+1) | 11 (+/-0) | 10 (-1) |
The only other countries that have educated more than five serving world leaders are Switzerland (7), Australia (6), Italy (6) and Spain (6).
The annual Soft-Power Index has become an influential resource since it first began and previous iterations have been regularly quoted by Government Ministers and in official documents – for example:
- The Government’s International Education Strategy notes: ‘The Higher Education Policy Institute estimates that over 50 serving world leaders have benefited from a British education.’
- The Secretary of State for Education, the Rt Hon. Gillian Keegan MP, recently referred to the results of the Index in the House of Commons, on 12 June 2023.
We only count leaders educated outside their own home country. So the fact the UK has recently had a change both to its head of state, from Queen Elizabeth II to King Charles III, and its Prime Minister, from Boris Johnson via Liz Truss to Rishi Sunak, does not have an impact on the UK’s numbers. However, the US’s total is bolstered by the fact that Rishi Sunak took an MBA at Stanford University as a Fulbright Scholar.
In part, the Index reflects past trends, given the gap in time that usually exists between someone’s formal education and reaching a top position in their home country.
Nick Hillman, the Director of HEPI, said:
‘The number of world leaders educated in other countries reflects the standing of different educational systems and is a good proxy for the amount of soft power held by different countries. It is a phenomenal achievement that over one-quarter of the countries in the world have a very senior leader – a head of state or prime minister – educated in the UK.
‘It is no accident that the countries that top the global university league tables are the same ones that educate the most people who go on to head up their own countries. We now have seven years of data, which confirm beyond all doubt that the US and the UK have a lead over the rest of the world that remains very difficult to beat.
‘When we published the results last year, we noted there was a more propitious environment for international students in the UK due to recent policy changes but the dial has since been turned back somewhat. Recent rhetoric from the Home Office and incoming tougher rules on student dependants mean many UK institutions will have to fight harder to maintain their attractiveness to those outside the country.’
The chart below shows all the countries that have had a very senior leader educated in the UK tertiary system since 2017.
List of countries with at least one senior leader educated in the UK, with the name(s) of the relevant serving leader(s), 2017-2023
Countries in orange are led by someone educated in the UK
Countries in green are led by someone educated in the UK but were not in 2022
Countries in blue were led by someone educated in the UK in 2022 but are no longer
Countries in grey have been led by someone educated in the UK since 2017 but not recently
| 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | |
| 1. Antigua and Barbuda (Gaston Browne) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Armenia | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Australia | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2. Bahrain (Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa & Prince Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| 3. Barbados (Mia Mottley) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 4. Belgium (King Philippe) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 5. Bhutan (Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 6. Bolivia (Luis Arce) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Botswana | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 7. Brunei (Hassanal Bolkiah) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Burma | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 8. Cameroon (Joseph Ngute) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Columbia | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Costa Rica | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 9. Cyprus (Nicos Anastasiades) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 10. Czechia (Petr Pavel) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 11. Denmark (Queen Margrethe II) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 12. Dominica (Charles Savarin) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 13. East Timor (José Ramos-Horta) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 14. Egypt (Abdel Fattah el-Sisi) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 15. Fiji (Sitiveni Rabuka) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 16. The Gambia (Adama Barrow) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 17. Ghana (Nana Akufo-Addo) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 18. Guyana (Mark Phillips) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 19. Hungary (Viktor Orbán) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 20. Iceland (Guðni Th. Jóhannesson) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Iran | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 21. Iraq (Abdul Latif Rashid) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 22. Ireland (Michael D Higgins) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Italy | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 23. Japan (Emperor Naruhito) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 24. Jordan (King Abdullah II & Bisher Al-Khasawneh) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| 25. Kuwait (Sheikh Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Lebanon | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 26. Lesotho (King Letsie III) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 27. Liechtenstein (Hereditary Prince Alois) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 28. Luxembourg (Grand Duke Henri) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Malawi | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 29. Malaysia (Abdullah of Pahang) | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 30. Malta (George Vella) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 31. Mauritius (Prithvirajsing Roopun & Pravind Jugnauth) | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| 32. Monaco (Prince Albert II) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 33. Montenegro (Jakov Milatović) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 34. Mozambique (Filipe Nyusi) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| 35. Namibia (Hage Geingob) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Nepal | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Nigeria | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| 36. Norway (King Harald V) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 37. Oman (Haitham bin Tariq) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Pakistan | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 38. Palestine (Mohammad Shtayyeh) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Peru | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 39. Philippines (Bongbong Marcos) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 40. Qatar (Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 41. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (Ralph Gonsalves) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 42. Serbia (Ana Brnabić) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 43. Seychelles (Wavel Ramkalawan) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 44. Sierra Leone (Julius Maada Bio) | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 45. Singapore (Lee Hsien Loong) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 46. Slovenia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Somalia | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Sudan | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 47. Switzerland (Karin Keller-Sutter) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 48. Syria (Bashar al-Assad) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 49. Tanzania (Samia Suluhu Hassan) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 50. Tonga (King Tupou VI and Siaosi Sovaleni) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
| Tuvalu | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 51. United Arab Emirates (Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan & Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| 52. Vanuatu (Nikenike Vurobaravu) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Yemen | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 53. Zambia (Hakainde Hichilema) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| TOTAL | 58 | 57 | 59 | 56 | 58 | 56 | 58 |
The 65 world leaders from 54 countries educated in the United States in the summer of 2023 head the following countries:
- Bahrain (2: Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa & Prince Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa)
- Belgium (2: King Philippe & Alexander De Croo)
- Belize (1: Juan Briceño)
- Bhutan (2: King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck & Lotay Tshering)
- Botswana (1: Mokgweetsi Masisi)
- Bulgaria (1: Rumen Radev)
- Costa Rica (1: Rodrigo Chaves Robles)
- Dominica (1: Roosevelt Skerrit)
- Dominican Republic (1: Luis Abinader)
- East Timor (1: José Ramos-Horta)
- Egypt (1: Abdel Fattah el-Sisi)
- Eswatini (1: Cleopas Dlamini)
- Georgia (1: Salome Zourabichvili)
- Greece (1: Kyriakos Mitsotakis)
- Guinea-Bissau (1: Nuno Gomes Nabiam)
- Guyana (1: Mark Phillips)
- Haiti (1: Ariel Henry)
- Ireland (1: Michael D. Higgins)
- Israel (2: Isaac Herzog & Benjamin Netanyahu)
- Ivory Coast (2: Alassane Ouattara & Patrick Achi)
- Jordan (2: Abdullah II & Bisher Al-Khasawneh)
- Latvia (2: Edgars Rinkēvičs & Arturs Krišjānis Kariņš)
- Lebanon (1: Najib Mikati)
- Liberia (1: George Weah)
- Malawi (1: Lazarus Chakwera)
- Marshall Islands (1: David Kabua)
- Micronesia (1: Wesley Simina)
- Moldova (2: Maia Sandu & Dorin Recean)
- Monaco (1: Albert II)
- Mongolia (1: Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene)
- Montenegro (1: Jakov Milatović)
- Namibia (2: Hage Geingob & Saara Kuugongelwa)
- Nigeria (1: Bola Tinubu)
- Pakistan (1: Arif Alvi)
- Palau (1: Surangel Whipps Jr.)
- Panama (1: Laurentino Cortizo)
- Paraguay (1: Mario Abdo Benítez)
- Philippines (1: Bongbong Marcos)
- Poland (1: Mateusz Morawiecki)
- Rwanda (1: Paul Kagame)
- Saint Kitts and Nevis (1: Terrance Drew)
- Serbia (1: Ana Brnabić)
- Sierra Leone (2: Julius Maada Bio & David Moinina Sengeh)
- Singapore (1: Lee Hsien Loong)
- Slovenia (1: Robert Golob)
- Somalia (1: Hassan Sheikh Mohamud)
- South Korea (1: Hassan Sheikh Mohamud
- Spain (1: King Felipe VI)
- Sri Lanka (1: Dinesh Gunawardena)
- Switzerland (1: Albert Rösti)
- Tanzania (1: Samia Suluhu Hassan)
- Togo (2: Faure Gnassingbé & Victoire Tomegah Dogbé)
- Tonga (1: King Tupou VI)
- United Kingdom (1: Rishi Sunak)
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